Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann is considered the foremost journalist in American history. He was a Harvard graduate, a confidant of President Woodrow Wilson, and Mr. Lippmann said the press is a threat.
Walter Lippmann in his book Liberty and the News (1920) said "the health of society depends upon the quality of the information it receives," [p. 47] Lippmann spoke against activist journalists and advocacy journalism, saying, "the reporter ... ought not be serving a cause, no matter how good. In his professional activity it is no business of his whose ox is gored." [p.52] Then he says, "there is need for disinterested reporting ." [p.52]
As far back as 1920 people were frustrated by the poor quality of news reporting: "There is everywhere an increasingly angry disillusionment about the press, a growing sense of being baffled and misled," [p. 45] Walter Lippmann said.
Later, in 1922, Mr. Lippmann expanded his thoughts in what is perhaps his most important book, Public Opinion, in which he describes journalism as a weakness in our democracy, the role of the press in either serving our democracy or threatening our democracy, and then he presents a plan for a professional and objective news corps. It is a shame the profession of journalism has undergone "professional collapse," to quote the journalist Sidney Blumenthal, a former aide to Bill Clinton and advisor to Hillary Clinton. Many believe the U.S. news media is untrustworthy, people on the left and people on the right.
Noam Chomsky
Conservatives complain steadily about liberal bias in the press, but the far left also notices the press is untrustworthy. Dr. Noam Chomsky, a stalwart of the left, excoriated the press in a book, Manufacturing Consent, published 30 years ago. There is an excellent documentary with a similar title, Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. I recommend the movie; it is good and it is inexpensive. I suggest you watch it up to the intermission. The second half of the movie is a paean to Noam Chomsky. ("Manufacturing consent" is a term created by Walter Lippmann.) This documentary, Manufacturing Consent, is also available for free -- full length -- on YouTube.
Election Manipulation
Perhaps the greatest attack the media has launched against our democracy was their manipulation of the 2016 Presidential election. In the first Democratic Party debate the moderator Anderson Cooper would not let candidate Senator Jim Webb speak. Senator Webb could see the Democratic primary election was rigged towards Hillary Clinton and he dropped out. In my opinion, Senator Webb might have been an excellent candidate for the Democrats, but the media boxed him out of the Democratic primary.
The media bent over backwards to help Donald Trump do well in the Republican primaries, thinking the Billy Bush interview they saved to ambush Donald Trump as the Republican Candidate for president would destroy his chances in the Presidential election. The Billy Bush interview gambit did not work, and Donald Trump is now President of the United States.
We should have had an election free of media manipulation. The Democratic Party and the liberal media are running an anti-Russian propaganda campaign, but the real manipulation in the U.S. election was by the liberal media and the Democratic National Committee, as proved by Wikileaks. They are furious, however, that their manipulations backfired. Walter Lippmann worried about the press manufacturing consent, but the media manipulation during the 2016 election exceeded anything Walter Lippmann might have imagined, and anything any foreign power might ever hope to pull off.
What Can We Do?
To maintain our republic I think we should quit watching network news. I believe the most trustworthy newspaper in America is the Wall Street Journal. I suggest a subscription to the Wall Street Journal. And I suggest looking at the print edition in addition to the online edition. The front pages of all national newspapers are scrubbed by management so it approaches propaganda. Lippmann wrote, "... the most destructive form of untruth is sophistry and propaganda by those whose profession it is to report the news. The news columns are common carriers. When those who control them arrogate to themselves the right to determine by their own consciences what shall be reported and for what purpose, democracy is unworkable." [pp. 5-6]
Then Walter Lippmann goes on to say, "In so far as those who purvey the news make of their own beliefs a higher law than truth , they are attacking the foundations of our constitutional system." [p. 7]
The inner pages of the print edition will have articles that can impact your life or help you understand the world. It is in the inner pages where you can find the truth. But you must read the print edition to get past the thought police who control what you see on your iPhone or iPad.
Noam Chomsky said, "Citizens of the democratic societies should undertake a course of intellectual self defense to protect themselves from manipulation and control, and to lay the basis for meaningful democracy.”
We need to communicate among ourselves with blogs and social media. Our political meetings bring speakers to us. Documentaries are informative. Sometimes the foreign press is more accurate than the American press, but there is bias there as well. I feel like Diogenes with his lamp, looking for an honest man. We need to read to be informed, but we need to understand the bias within our reading material. James Fallows, a writer for The Atlantic magazine, was President Jimmy Carter's speech writer, so we can understand that our impression of The Atlantic magazine as a left leaning periodical is an accurate assessment. Publications, editors, and writers all come with their own baggage, so we have to sift through the muddy waters of bias, looking for the gold nuggets of meaningful truth.
Contacting our Representatives
Since public universities have journalism programs, it seems right that our state legislature mandates the teaching of Lippmann's concerns. When you pay the salary, you can demand quality work. The Society of Professional Journalists does not mention "objectivity" in their Code of Ethics. They mention fairness, but fairness might mean something different to a Communist than to you or me. If our taxes educate journalists, they should learn that objectivity and truthfulness are important, that journalism is not advocacy. We should encourage our legislators to legislate better quality from state funded schools of journalism.
Conclusion
Walter Lippmann warned us about a manipulative press almost a hundred years ago. He wrote two books on this topic, not just one book. Fifteen years ago Noam Chomsky warned us that the press is untrustworthy, singling out the New York Times for its misdeeds. Calling the press an enemy is a bit flamboyant, but there is no doubt the media is a threat to our democracy. Remember that Benito Mussolini and Vladimir Lenin both worked for a time as journalists.
Robert
Copyright © 2017 Robert Canright all rights reserved
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References: The Walter Lippmann quotes are from Liberty and the News by Walter Lippmann, first published in 1920. The edition I quote is from Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-13480-2. I recommend this edition and this book. It is less than 100 pages long, including an informative Forward and a thoughtful Afterword.
The Noam Chomsky quote is from Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, as reported here.
The best book on journalism I have seen is The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect by Bill Kovach & Tom Rosenstiel. The authors mention Lippmann a fair bit, but convey a superficial view of Lippmann's work.
Here are some blog posts in a similar vein.
The Press As The Enemy Of The People by Julio Gonzalez, M.D., J.D.
Dr. Gonzalez is a member of the Florida State House of Representatives.
The Press Is Public Enemy No. 1 by Pedro Gonzalez, November 10th, 2018
The Press is the Enemy by Thales, Feb 20, 2017
Key words: fake news
